Alterações pragmáticas em crianças com Transtorno Fonológico: uma revisão sistemática / Pragmatic disorders in children with Phonological Disorder: a systematic review / Alteraciones pragmáticas en niños con Trastorno Fonológico: una revisión sistemática

Introdução: A pragmática é definida como o uso social da linguagem e a fonologia diz respeito à organização fonêmica e silábica. No Transtorno Fonológico são observadas alterações nessa organização, sendo possível também afetar a pragmática. Objetivo: Compreender e demonstrar se há alterações pragmáticas em crianças com Transtorno Fonológico. Metodologia: A busca por estudos foi realizada utilizando as bases de dados eletrônicas: Embase, Google Scholar, Portal Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) - (LILACS), PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, e Base de Dados de Teses e Dissertações. Foram utilizados os descritores: "child", "speech sound disorder", "language tests", "verbal behavior", "social communication disorder" e "observational studies as topic" e seus sinônimos. Os artigos selecionados atendiam aos seguintes critérios: amostra composta por crianças de 4 a 10 anos com Transtorno Fonológico e dentro do desenvolvimento padrão, apresentar avaliações da pragmática dessas crianças, e delineamento observacional. A análise dos artigos foi feita pela leitura na íntegra e os dados foram extraídos para a avaliação da qualidade metodológica e dos achados. Resultados: Foram encontrados seis artigos, sendo quatro nacionais e dois internacionais. Discussão: Cinco estudos demonstraram haver alterações pragmáticas em crianças com Transtorno Fonológico, enquanto um concluiu que não havia relação. Considerações finais: A presente revisão sistemática revelou que estudos evidenciam alterações pragmáticas em crianças com Transtorno Fonológico, especialmente acerca da inteligibilidade de fala e de como isso afeta as iniciativas de comunicação. Todavia, devido ao baixo número de estudos, são necessárias futuras pesquisas na temática para dados com evidências mais robustas. (AU)

Introduction: Pragmatics is defined as the social use of language while phonology looks to phonemic and syllabic organization. In the phonological disorder, problems are observed in this organization being possible to affect the pragmatics too. Objective: To understand and demonstrate if there are pragmatic alterations in children with Phonological Disorder. Methodology: The search for studies was carried out using electronic databases: Embase, Google Scholar, BVS - (LILACS), PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science and The Theses and Dissertations Database. The descriptors used were: "child", "speech sound disorder", "language tests", "verbal behavior", "social communication disorder" and "observational studies as topic" and their synonyms. The selected articles met the following criteria: sample composed of children aged 4 to 10 with phonological disorder and within standard development, evaluations of the pragmatics of these children, and observational design. The articles were analyzed by reading them in their entirety and the data were extracted to evaluate the methodological quality and the findings. Results: Six articles were found, four national and two international. Discussion: Five studies showed that there were pragmatic alterations in children with phonological disorder and one concluded that there was no relationship. Final considerations: The present systematic review revealed that the studies show pragmatic alterations in children with phonological disorder, especially regarding the intelligibility of their speech and how this may affect communication initiatives. However, due to the low number of studies, there seems to be a need for future research relating the two subjects for such evidence to be more robust. (AU)

Introducción: La pragmática se define como el uso social del lenguaje y la fonología como la organización fonémica y silábica. En el Trastorno Fonológico, hay cambios en esta organización, y es posible afectar la pragmática. Objetivo: Comprender y demostrar si existen cambios pragmáticos en niños con Trastorno Fonológico. Metodología: Búsqueda de estudios realizados en bases de datos electrónicas: Embase, Google Scholar, Portal Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) - (LILACS), PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science y Banco de Tesis y Disertaciones. Fueron utilizados los siguientes descriptores: "niño", "trastorno de los sonidos del habla", "pruebas de lenguaje", "conducta verbal", "trastorno de la comunicación social" y "estudios observacionales como tema" y sus sinónimos. Los artículos seleccionados cumplieron con los siguientes criterios: muestra compuesta por niños de 4 a 10 años con Trastorno Fonológico y dentro del desarrollo estándar, valoraciones de la pragmática de estos niños y diseño observacional. Los artículos fueron analizados mediante lectura comprensiva y se extrajeron datos para evaluar la calidad metodológica de los hallazgos. Resultados: Se encontraron seis artículos, cuatro nacionales y dos internacionales. Discusión: Cinco estudios mostraron cambios pragmáticos en niños con Trastorno Fonológico y uno concluyó que no había relación. Consideraciones finales: Esta revisión sistemática reveló que los estudios muestran alteraciones pragmáticas en niños con Trastorno Fonológico, especialmente en cuanto a la inteligibilidad de su habla y cómo esto puede afectar las iniciativas de comunicación. Sin embargo, debido al bajo número de estudios, se necesita más investigación sobre el tema para que la evidencia sea más sólida. (AU)

Long-Lasting Efficacy of Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer Neuromodulation Treatment on Functional Dysmetria, an Adaptive Motor Behavior.

Background Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is widely defined as the deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry and is considered an epigenetic measure of environmental stress. Rinaldi and Fontani hypothesized that the FA morpho-functional changes originate from an adaptive motor behavior determined by functional alterations in the cerebellum and neural circuits, not caused by a lesion, but induced by environmental stress. They called this phenomenon functional dysmetria (FD). On this premise, they developed the radio electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology, a neuromodulation technology aimed at optimizing the best neuro-psycho-motor strategies in relation to environmental interaction. Aims Previous studies showed that specific REAC neuro postural optimization (NPO) treatment can induce stable FD recovery. This study aimed to verify the duration of the NPO effect in inducing the stable FD recovery over time. Materials and methods Data were retrospectively collected from a population of 29,794 subjects who underwent a specific semiological FD assessment and received the NPO treatment, regardless of the pathology referred. Results The analysis of the data collected by the various participants in the study led us to ascertain the disappearance of FD in 100% of the cases treated, with a stability of the result detected up to 18 years after the single administration of the REAC NPO treatment. Conclusions The REAC NPO neurobiological modulation treatment consisting of a single administration surprisingly maintains a very long efficacy in the correction of FD. This effect can be explained as the long-lasting capacity of the NPO treatment to induce greater functional efficiency of the brain dynamics as proven in previous studies.

1,2,3-Triazole derivatives: synthesis, docking, cytotoxicity analysis and in vivo antimalarial activity.

Malaria remains one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. The multidrug-resistant Plasmodium strains make the treatment currently available for malaria less effective. Therefore, the development of new drugs is necessary to overcome therapy resistance. Triazole derivatives exhibit several biological activities and provide a moiety that is promising from the biological perspective. Due to the structural similarity to NADH, it is believed that triazoles can bind to the active site of the Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) enzyme. The present work evaluates the antimalarial activity of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. Preliminary in silico ADMET studies of the compounds demonstrated good pharmacokinetic properties. In silico docking analysis against LDH of Plasmodium berghei (PbLDH) showed that all compounds presented interactions with the catalytic residue in the active site and affinity similar to that presented by chloroquine; the most common antimalarial drug. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis by these derivatives were evaluated in vitro. The compounds 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9 proved to be non-cytotoxic in the performed tests. In vivo antimalarial activity was evaluated using mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65. The five compounds tested exhibited antimalarial activity until nine days post-infection. The compound 5 showed promising activities, with about 70% parasitemia suppression. Considering the in vitro and in vivo studies, we believe the compound 5 to be the most promising molecule for further studies in antimalarial chemotherapy.

Synthetic Aurones: New Features for Schistosoma mansoni Therapy.

In this work, two synthetic aurones revealed moderate schistosomicidal potential in in vitro and in vivo assays. Aurones (1) and (2) promoted changes in tegument integrity and motor activity, leading to death of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms in in vitro assays. When administered orally (two doses of 50 mg/kg) in experimentally infected animals, synthetic aurones (1) and (2) promoted reductions of 56.20 % and 57.61 % of the parasite load and stimulated the displacement towards the liver of the remaining adult worms. The oogram analysis revealed that the treatment with both aurones interferes with the egg development kinetics in the intestinal tissue. Seeking an action target for compounds (1) and (2), the connection with NTPDases enzymes, recognized as important therapeutic targets for S. mansoni, was evaluated. Molecular docking studies have shown promising results. The dataset reveals the anthelmintic character of these compounds, which can be used in the development of new therapies for schistosomiasis.

Ablation of B1- and B2-kinin receptors causes cardiac dysfunction through redox-nitroso unbalance.

AIMS: B1- and B2-kinin receptors play a major role in several cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate cardiac functional consequences of B1- and B2-kinin receptors ablation, focusing on the cardiac ROS and NO generation. MAIN METHODS: Cardiac contractility, ROS, and NO generation, and protein expression were evaluated in male wild-type (WT), B1- (B1-/-) and B2-kinin (B2-/-) knockout mice. KEY FINDINGS: Impaired contractility in B1-/- and B2-/- hearts was associated with oxidative stress through upregulation of NADPH oxidase p22phox subunit. B1-/- and B2-/- hearts presented higher NO and peroxynitrite levels than WT. Despite decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump (SERCA2) expression, nitration at tyrosine residues of SERCA2 was markedly higher in B1-/- and B2-/- hearts. SIGNIFICANCE: B1- and B2-kinin receptors govern ROS generation, while disruption of B1- and B2-kinin receptors leads to impaired cardiac dysfunction through excessive tyrosine nitration on the SERCA2 structure.

Insights about resveratrol analogs against trypanothione reductase of Leishmania braziliensis: Molecular modeling, computational docking and in vitro antileishmanial studies.

In this work, we combined molecular modeling, computational docking and in vitro analysis to explore the antileishmanial effect of some resveratrol analogs (ResAn), focusing on their pro-oxidant effect. The molecular target was the trypanothione reductase of Leishmania braziliensis (LbTryR), an essential component of the antioxidant defenses in trypanosomatid parasites. Three-dimensional structures of LbTryR were modeled and molecular docking studies of ResAn1-5 compounds showed the following affinity: ResAn1 > ResAn2 > ResAn4 > ResAn5 > ResAn3. Positive correlation was observed between these compounds' affinity to the LbTryR and the IC50 values against Leishmania sp (ResAn1 < ResAn2 < ResAn4), which allows for TryR being considered an important target for them. As the compound ResAn1 showed the best antileishmanial activity, and docking studies showed its high affinity for NADP binding site (NS) of TryR, plus having been able to induce ROS production in L. braziliensis promastigotes treated, ResAn1 probably occupies NS interfering in the electron transfer processes responsible for the catalytic reaction. The in silico prediction of ADMET properties suggests that ResAn1 may be a promising drug candidate with properties to cross biological membranes and high gastrointestinal absorption, not violating Lipinski's rules. Ultimately, the antileishmanial effect of ResAn can be associated with a pro-oxidant effect which, in turn, can be exploited as an antimicrobial agent. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

In Vitro and in Vivo Antischistosomal Activities of Chalcones.

In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo schistosomicidal activities of chalcones against Schistosoma mansoni worms. In vitro assays revealed that chalcones 1 and 3 were the most active compounds, without affecting significantly mammalian cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies revealed reduction on the numbers of tubercles and morphological alterations in the tegument of S. mansoni worms after in vitro incubation with chalcones 1 and 3. In a mouse model of schistosomiasis, the oral treatment (400 mg/kg) with chalcone 1 or 3 significantly caused a total worm burden reduction in mice. Chalcone 1 showed significant inhibition of the S. mansoni ATP diphosphohydrolase activity, which was corroborated by molecular docking studies. The results suggested that chalcones could be explored as lead compounds with antischistosomal properties.

Using the Rasch analysis for the psychometric validation of the Irregular Word Reading Test (TeLPI): A Portuguese test for the assessment of premorbid intelligence.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to analyze the psychometric characteristics of the TeLPI (Irregular Words Reading Test), a Portuguese premorbid intelligence test, using the Rasch model for dichotomous items. RESULTS: The results reveal an overall adequacy and a good fit of values regarding both items and persons. A high variability of cognitive performance level and a good quality of the measurements were also found. The TeLPI has proved to be a unidimensional measure with reduced DIF effects. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings contribute to overcome an important gap in the psychometric validity of this instrument and provide good evidence of the overall psychometric validity of TeLPI results.

Frequência de sífilis em gestantes / Frequency of syphilis in pregnant women

O cuidado primário tem um papel importante na prevenção e no tratamento de doenças infecciosas, pois no contexto gestacional algumas dessas doenças podem causar complicações graves ao recém-nascido, levando inclusive à morte fetal. Os autores apresentam um estudo transversal em que participaram 299 gestantes no Serviço Pré-natal em Juiz de Fora e 66 gestantes oriundas do serviço de obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Barbacena. A idade média foi de 24,60 anos. Houve sífilis em ambos os grupos, mas não houve casos de sífilis congênita. Os autores concluíram que a frequência de sífilis apresentou distribuição uniforme em ambos os serviços e sugerem medidas adequadas de controle e tratamento de gestantes. (AU)

Primary care has an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases since in the gestational context some of these diseases can cause severe complications to the newborn, including fetal death. This is a cross-sectional study assessing 299 pregnant women who attended the Pre-Natal Service in Juiz de Fora and 66 pregnant women who attended the Obstetrics Service of Barbacena School of Medicine. The average age was 24.60 years old. There was syphilis in both groups, but there were no cases of congenital syphilis. The authors concluded that the frequency of syphilis had a uniform distribution among both services and suggest adequate measures of control and treatment of pregnant women. (AU)

Salt stress and exogenous silicon influence physiological and anatomical features of in vitro-grown cape gooseberry / Estresse salino e silício exógeno influenciam características fisiológicas e anatômicas de fisális cultivada in vitro

ABSTRACT: Salt stress is one of several major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and development, and there are many evidences that silicon can ameliorate the injuries caused by high salinity. This study presents the results of an assay concerning: (1) the effect of in vitro NaCl-induced salt stress in cape gooseberry plants and (2) the possible mitigating effect of silicon in saline conditions. For that, nodal segments were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under salinity (0.5 and 1.0% NaCl) with different silicic acid concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1.0g L-1). Phytotechnical characteristics, photosynthetic pigments content, and leaf anatomy were evaluated after 30 days. Shoot length, root length, number of leaves and buds, fresh and dry weight, pigment content, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness were drastically reduced by increased salt level. The supply of silicon (1.0g L-1) has successfully mitigated the effect of salinity at 0.5% NaCl for chlorophyll, carotenoids, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness. When salt stress was about 1.0%, Si was not effective anymore. In conclusion, we affirmed that, in in vitro conditions, salt stress is harmful for cape gooseberry plants and the addition of silicon showed effective in mitigating the saline effects of some features.

RESUMO: O estresse salino é um dos tipos de estresses abióticos mais severos que afetam o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal e existem muitas evidências de que o silício possa amenizar os danos causados pela elevada salinidade. Este estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que investigou: (1) o efeito do estresse salino in vitro induzido por NaCl em plantas de fisális e (2) o possível efeito mitigador do silício nas condições salinas. Para isso, segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio de cultura Murashige e Skoog com dois níveis de salinidade (0,5 e 1,0% de NaCl) adicionado de ácido silícico (0; 0,5 e 1,0g L-1). Características fitotécnicas, conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e anatomia foliar foram avaliados aos 30 dias. O comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, número de folhas e gemas, massa fresca e seca, conteúdo de pigmentos, densidade estomática e espessura do limbo foliar diminuíram drasticamente devido ao aumento do nível de salinidade. A aplicação de 1,0g L-1 silício atenuou com sucesso os efeitos salinos para as variáveis conteúdo de pigmentos e anatomia foliar quando a salinidade era de 0,5% NaCl. Já quando o nível de NaCl dobrou, o silício não se mostrou efetivo. Concluindo, pode-se afirmar que, em condições in vitro, o estresse salino é prejudicial à fisális e a adição de silício mostra-se efetiva na mitigação dos efeitos salinos em determinadas características.

Effect of the incorporation of Bifidobacterium BB-12 microencapsulated with sweet whey and inulin on the properties of Greek-style yogurt.

The effect of the addition of Bifidobacterium BB-12 microencapsulated by spray drying with sweet whey and inulin on the microbiological, physicochemical and texture properties of Greek-style yogurt was evaluated during 28 days of storage. The survival of this probiotic under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was assessed after this storage time. Three formulations of Greek-style yogurt were produced: Control (with free cells); SW (with microcapsules produced only with sweet whey); and SWI (with microcapsules produced with sweet whey and inulin). The counts of Bifidobacterium BB-12 remained stable during storage in the Control yogurt and in the SW yogurt, while a slight decrease occurred in the SWI yogurt. Nevertheless, the addition of microcapsules improved the survival of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus in the SW yogurt after 14 days of storage. In general, incorporation of microcapsules into Greek-style yogurt affected specific physicochemical and textural properties of the samples. A decrease in the probiotic survival rate during gastrointestinal simulation was observed for all samples; however, it was more pronounced in the SWI yogurt. Even though the protective effect of the microcapsules was not evident, the results showed that Greek-style yogurt is a promising carrier for incorporation of Bifidobacterium BB-12.

Effect of modifying concentrations of calcium and magnesium on in vitro development of banana CV. Prata-Anã (Genomic group AAB) / Efeito da modificação das concentrações de cálcio e magnésio no desenvolvimento in vitro de bananeira CV. Prata-Anã (Grupo genômico AAB)

Research suggests that the development of micropropagated banana plants can be improved by altering nutrient concentrations in the culture medium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro development of banana plants exposed to varying concentrations of calcium and magnesium sulfate. The shoot tips of banana cv. Prata- Anã were inoculated in flasks (volume, 250 cm3) containing 50 mL of MS culture medium. The culture medium contained varying concentrations of CaCl2 (0, 220, 440, 880 mg L-1) and MgSO4 (0, 185, 370, 740 mg L-1. A completely randomized experimental design was employed, based on a 4 × 4 factorial scheme (four levels of CaCl2 concentration, and four of MgSO4). The MS culture medium containing 880 mg L-1 of CaCl2 but no MgSO4 showed the highest increment in the number of leaves (6.0). The highest number of roots was observed in the absence of CaCl2 and MgSO4 in the medium. Additionally, the shoot length was longer (5.05 cm) when the MS medium was supplemented with 185 mg L-1 of MgSO4. The optimum in vitro development of banana cv. Prata-Anã was obtained when the MS medium was supplemented with 880 mg L-1 of CaCl2 and 370 mg L-1 of MgSO4.

Pesquisas sugerem que o desenvolvimento de plantas de bananeira podem ser melhoradas pela alteração das concentrações no meio de cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento in vitro de bananeira submetida a diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cálcio e sulfato de magnésio. Ápices caulinares de bananeira cv. Prata-Anã foram inoculados em frascos (volume, 250 cm3) contendo 50 mL de meio de cultura MS. O meio de cultura contendo diferentes concentrações de CaCl2 (0, 220, 440 e 880 mg L-1) e MgSO4 (0, 185, 370, 740 mg L-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 4 (quatro concentrações de CaCl2 e quatro de MgSO4). O meio MS contendo 880 mg L-1 de CaCl2 na ausência de MgSO4 proporcionou maior incremento no número de folhas (6,0). Maior número de raiz foi observado na ausência de CaCl2 e MgSO4 no meio. Além disso, maior comprimento de parte aérea (5,05 cm) foi obtido em meio MS suplementado com 185 mg L-1 de MgSO4. O melhor desenvolvimento in vitro de bananeira cv. Prata-Anã foi obtido em meio MS suplementado com 880 mg L-1 de CaCl2 e 370 mg L-1 de MgSO4.

Cultivo de tamarindo sob malhas coloridas: plasticidade anatômica foliar / Tamarind cultivation under colored shading nets: leaf anatomical plasticity

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da alteração da qualidade espectral da luz, utilizando malhas de transmissão de luz diferenciada, sobre características da anatomia foliar em plantas de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.), visando à obtenção de plantas mais propícias ao plantio. Mudas de tamarindo foram cultivadas sob malhas de 50% de sombreamento nas cores branca, azul, vermelha e preta em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após 90 dias de cultivo sob as malhas, as folhas foram avaliadas quanto à anatomia e micromorfologia. Plantas submetidas ao cultivo sob malha branca apresentaram maior altura das células da epiderme na face abaxial e maior espessura do parênquima paliçádico e da nervura central. Melhores resultados para epiderme na face adaxial e limbo foliar foram observados sob malhas branca e azul. Maiores densidades estomáticas foram obtidas sob malhas azul e vermelha. As folhas de Tamarindus indica apresentam plasticidade anatômica em resposta às modificações no espectro da radiação. Em face desses resultados, as malhas branca e azul podem ser recomendadas para obtenção de plantas mais propícias ao plantio.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of changing light spectral quality, using colored shading nets, on the characteristics of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) leaf anatomy to obtain more conducive plants. Tamarind seedlings were grown under blue, white, black and red shade nets, in a completely randomized design. After 90 days, the leaves were evaluated anatomically and micromorphologically. Plants grown under white net had greater palisade parenchyma, abaxial epidermis cells and midrib thicknesses. Better results for adaxial epidermis and leaf blade were observed under white and blue nets. Higher stomatal density was obtained under blue and red nets. Tamarindus indica leaves present anatomical plasticity in response to changes in the radiation spectrum. In view of these results, the white and blue nets can be recommended to obtain plants more efficient to planting.

The Relevance of Sociodemographic and Health Variables on MMSE Normative Data.

The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the most broadly used cognitive screening instrument in clinical and research contexts. The MMSE was administered to a community-based sample of cognitively healthy adults (n = 850), stratified according to several sociodemographic variables, with a distribution similar to that observed in the Portuguese population. This study aimed to analyze the influence of sociodemographic (age, gender, education level, marital and employment status, geographic region, geographic localization, and residence area) and health variables (subjective memory complaints of the participant and evaluated by the informant, depressive symptoms, and family history of dementia) on the participants' performance on the MMSE and to establish normative data for the Portuguese population. Education level and age significantly contributed to the prediction of the MMSE scores and explained 26% of its variance. Regarding health variables, only the subjective memory complaints of the participant showed a small contribution (4%) to the variance of the MMSE scores. According to these results, age and education were considered in the development of the normative data of the MMSE for the Portuguese population.

Metodologias de estimação da Inteligência Pré-Mórbida na identificação do declínio cognitivo / Premorbid intelligence measures in identifying cognitive decline / Metodologías de estimación de inteligencia premórbida en la identificación de deterioro cognitivo

A avaliação do declínio cognitivo implica a mensuração de uma discrepância entre o nível de funcionamento anterior a uma lesão ou situação de declínio (pré-mórbido) e o estado atual do indivíduo. No entanto, dados relativos ao funcionamento pré-mórbido (ou Inteligência Pré-Mórbida: IPM) raramente se encontram disponíveis, sendo necessário recorrer a métodos indiretos de estimação. O presente estudo apresenta uma abordagem histórica do desenvolvimento das várias metodologias de estimação da IPM, sistematizando e analisando a validade desses métodos, desde as primeiras abordagens qualitativas, às recentes estratégias mais quantitativas. Concluise que a metodologia mais válida, fiável e promissora para a estimação da IPM combina, em fórmulas de regressão, a informação relativa à capacidade atual do sujeito e dados referentes a variáveis demográficas. O constante desenvolvimento de metodologias de estimação da IPM progressivamente mais fiáveis evidencia a importância desta variável na avaliação e investigação psicológica.(AU)

Cognitive decline assessment implies measuring discrepancies between the subject's previous (premorbid) and the current levels of functioning. However, this information is rarely available and clinicians have to infer it by using indirect methods. This article provides an historical overview of the different methods that have been developed for premorbid intelligence estimation, from the first qualitative methods to the most recent quantitative approaches. The discussion sustains that the most valid methods for premorbid intelligence estimation are those that combine current level of the subject's performance and demographic variables in regression formulas. The constant development of premorbid estimation methods with increasing validity is suggestive of the importance that this measure has for psychological assessment.(AU)

La evaluación del deterioro cognitivo supone la medición y definición de la presencia de una discrepancia entre el nivel del funcionamiento anterior a una lesión o situación de deterioro (premórbido) y el estado actual del indivíduo. Sin embargo, los datos referidos relativos al funcionamiento premórbido (o inteligencia premórbida: IPM) raramente se encuentran disponibles, siendo necesario recurrir a métodos indirectos de estimación. El presente estudio presenta un método de acercamiento histórico del desarrollo de diferentes metodologías de estimación de la IPM, sistematizando y analizando brevemente la validez de estos métodos desde los primeros acercamientos cualitativos a recientes estrategias más cuantitativas. Se concluye sobre la metodología más válida, fiable y prometedora para la estimación del IPM que combina, en fórmulas de regresión, la información relativa a la capacidad actual del sujeto y datos referentes a las variables demográficas. El constante desarrollo de metodologías de estimación de la IPM, cada vez más fiables, demuestra la importancia que esta variable ocupa en la evaluación e investigación científica.(AU)

Metodologias de estimação da Inteligência Pré-Mórbida na identificação do declínio cognitivo / Premorbid intelligence measures in identifying cognitive decline / Metodologías de estimación de inteligencia premórbida en la identificación de deterioro cognitivo

A avaliação do declínio cognitivo implica a mensuração de uma discrepância entre o nível de funcionamento anterior a uma lesão ou situação de declínio (pré-mórbido) e o estado atual do indivíduo. No entanto, dados relativos ao funcionamento pré-mórbido (ou Inteligência Pré-Mórbida: IPM) raramente se encontram disponíveis, sendo necessário recorrer a métodos indiretos de estimação. O presente estudo apresenta uma abordagem histórica do desenvolvimento das várias metodologias de estimação da IPM, sistematizando e analisando a validade desses métodos, desde as primeiras abordagens qualitativas, às recentes estratégias mais quantitativas. Concluise que a metodologia mais válida, fiável e promissora para a estimação da IPM combina, em fórmulas de regressão, a informação relativa à capacidade atual do sujeito e dados referentes a variáveis demográficas. O constante desenvolvimento de metodologias de estimação da IPM progressivamente mais fiáveis evidencia a importância desta variável na avaliação e investigação psicológica...

Cognitive decline assessment implies measuring discrepancies between the subject's previous (premorbid) and the current levels of functioning. However, this information is rarely available and clinicians have to infer it by using indirect methods. This article provides an historical overview of the different methods that have been developed for premorbid intelligence estimation, from the first qualitative methods to the most recent quantitative approaches. The discussion sustains that the most valid methods for premorbid intelligence estimation are those that combine current level of the subject's performance and demographic variables in regression formulas. The constant development of premorbid estimation methods with increasing validity is suggestive of the importance that this measure has for psychological assessment...

La evaluación del deterioro cognitivo supone la medición y definición de la presencia de una discrepancia entre el nivel del funcionamiento anterior a una lesión o situación de deterioro (premórbido) y el estado actual del indivíduo. Sin embargo, los datos referidos relativos al funcionamiento premórbido (o inteligencia premórbida: IPM) raramente se encuentran disponibles, siendo necesario recurrir a métodos indirectos de estimación. El presente estudio presenta un método de acercamiento histórico del desarrollo de diferentes metodologías de estimación de la IPM, sistematizando y analizando brevemente la validez de estos métodos desde los primeros acercamientos cualitativos a recientes estrategias más cuantitativas. Se concluye sobre la metodología más válida, fiable y prometedora para la estimación del IPM que combina, en fórmulas de regresión, la información relativa a la capacidad actual del sujeto y datos referentes a las variables demográficas. El constante desarrollo de metodologías de estimación de la IPM, cada vez más fiables, demuestra la importancia que esta variable ocupa en la evaluación e investigación científica...

Caracterização fenológica e produtividade de Physalis peruviana cultivada em casa de vegetação / Phenological characterization and productivity of Physalis peruviana cultivated in greenhouse

A physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) é uma fruta com alto valor agregado, a exemplo de mirtilo, framboesa, cereja, amora-preta e pitaya. Apresenta grande potencial econômico, porém seu consumo ainda é restrito, devido ao custo elevado dos seus frutos em decorrência da produção limitada, manejo da colheita, exigência em mão de obra, cuidados no transporte e armazenamento. No Brasil, o cultivo da physalis ainda é recente e tem sido cultivada e pesquisada principalmente na região Sul do país. Objetivou-se estudar as principais fases relacionadas com a produção e estimar a produtividade da physalis cultivada em casa de vegetação. Realizaram-se avaliações das fases fenológicas da physalis, número de folhas, botões florais e flores por planta e produção. É possível produzir physalis nas condições descritas em casa de vegetação na região de Lavras-MG. A colheita dos frutos inicia-se 100 dias após o transplantio das mudas. A produtividade estimada da physalis foi de 955 kg ha-1. A orientação da linha de cultivo na posição leste-oeste pode ser mais adequada ao cultivo de physalis.

Physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) is a fruit with high added value, such as blueberry, raspberry, cherry, blackberry and pitaya. Has great economic potential, but its consumption is still limited due to the high cost of its fruits due to the limited production, harvest practices, demand for labor, care in transport and storage. In Brazil, the cultivation of physalis is still new and has been cultivated and studied mainly in the southern region of the country. The objective was to study the main phases related to production and to estimate the productivity of physalis cultivated in a greenhouse. Evaluations of the phenological phases of physalis, number of leaves, buds and flowers per plant and yield were made. It is possible to produce physalis under the conditions described in the greenhouse. The fruit harvest begins 100 days after transplanting of seedlings. The estimated yield of physalis was 955 kg ha-1. The orientation of the crop row position east-west may be best suited to the cultivation of physalis.

Premorbid IQ influence on screening tests' scores in healthy patients and patients with cognitive impairment.

Cognitive screening tests are well-established tools for detecting cognitive impairment, but concerns regarding the influence of premorbid intelligence on patient's performance and cognitive status classification remain. Risk of inaccurate assessment especially affects the elders with high or low premorbid intelligence (who are more likely to be misclassified). The present study examines the influence of premorbid intelligence assessed by the TeLPI (an irregular words reading test) on 2 cognitive screening tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in healthy participants and patients with cognitive impairments (mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease). Results show that premorbid IQ influences the MMSE and the MoCA scores in both the groups, predicting variance from 8.4% to 33.2%, according to test and group analyzed. Hence, we propose that whenever the MMSE or the MoCA is used, premorbid IQ evaluation should also be considered to ensure correct interpretation and classification.